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1 Gonin, Jules
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 10 August 1870 Vaud, Switzerlandd. 11 June 1935 Lausanne, Switzerland[br]Swiss ophthalmic surgeon, originator of the therapy of retinal detachment with cautery.[br]After graduating form the University of Berne in 1894, Gonin was appointed Assistant to Marc Dufour, Professor of Ophthalmology at the Hôpital de l'Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne. At the International Congress of Ophthalmology at Lucerne in 1904, the general opinion was expressed that the condition of retinal detachment was untreatable. Gonin spent the following decade studying the condition, and by 1920 he was able to inform the French Ophthalmological Society that he had been able to cure a number of cases by the use of localized cautery. In the same year Gonin succeeded to the chair in Lausanne, which became a centre for the treatment of retinal detachment; despite initial scepticism, by 1929 a convincing series of cases led to international acceptance and the further development of the technique with the use of diathermy. On his death he left a substantial bequest to the blind of Lausanne whom he had not been able to cure. The Gonin Medal is awarded quadrennially to the outstanding international figure in ophthalmology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMarcel Benoist Prize 1928. Mackenzie Medal 1933. Von Graefe Medal 1936.Bibliography1918, The Anatomical Causes of Detachment of the Retina.1929, "Detachment of the retina", Proceedings of the International Congress of- Ophthalmology, Amsterdam.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1960–70, System of Ophthalmology, London.MG -
2 Snellen, Hermann
[br]b. 18 February 1834 Zeist, near Utrecht, the Netherlandsd. 18 January 1908 Utrecht, the Netherlands[br]Dutch ophthalmologist who developed scientifically based visual testing types.[br]Snellen took his degree in medicine at Utrecht in 1857, and after continued study was appointed Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Surgeon to the Hospital for Diseases of the Eye. In 1877 he succeeded Franciscus Cornelius Donders, an outstanding figure in the development of the understanding of the optics and physiology of vision, as Professor. He held this post until 1899 when he was succeeded by his son.Although involved in virtually all aspects of the speciality, he particularly laid the basis for the scientific recording of visual acuity with the publication of his Optotypes in 1862. Optotypes were based on the concept of an average standard of vision permitting the discrimination of separate objects which subtended an angle of one minute of arc on the retina. While the concept does not take into account aspects of vision such as perception, it has stood the test of time in terms of practicality, even when abstract figures such as Landolt's rings replace the lines of single letters of the original.Snellen originated many other advances of a surgical nature, his procedure for eyelid deformity is still practised, and he developed the use of glass in the manufacture of artificial eyes.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Member and Bowman Lecturer, Ophthalmological Society, UK.Bibliography1862, Optotypes/Ad visum determinandum, Utrecht. 1874, Des Functionem Sprungen.1862, Scala tipografica per mesurare il visus.Numerous papers in Graefes Archiv für Augenkinde and the Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1969, System of Ophthalmology, London. 1973, The Foundations of Ophthalmology, Vol. 5.MG -
3 Traquair, Harry Moss
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 13 September 1875 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 14 November 1954 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish ophthalmologist, originator of techniques for the assessment of the visual fields and their neurological significance.[br]Traquair graduated in medicine at Edinburgh in 1901. After a period in Germany and South Africa occasioned by tuberculosis, a recurrence of which led to his death, he specialized in ophthalmology and filled a succession of appointments at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, until his retirement in 1943 from his post as Senior Ophthalmic Surgeon.Apart from a wide involvement in the full range of the speciality, he was particularly concerned, in association with neurologists and neurosurgeons, with the assessment and diagnosis of affections of the intracranial visual path-ways. He refined the previously haphazard methods of field charting into perimetry, an exact and repeatable diagnostic routine. His work constituted an essential element in the development of modern surgical neurology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1939–41. Middlemore Prize 1920. Nettleship Medal 1922. Doyne Medal 1923. Mackenzie Medal 1939.Bibliography1949, Clinical Perimetry (6th edn).Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1969, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 12, London.MG -
4 Dallos, Joseph
[br]b. 1906 Budapest, Hungaryd. 27 June 1979 London, England[br]Hungarian ophthalmologist and contact-lens specialist who pioneered the technique of individually fitted moulded-glass contact lenses.[br]Dallos graduated from the University of Budapest in 1929 and almost at once specialized in contact-lens work and was appointed Assistant Professor. At that time the fitting of lenses was and had been, since their inception c.1885, a matter of trial and error. He developed a method of taking a moulding of the surface of the eye and then producing a blown-glass lens to this shape. His work was based on a concept of corneal physiology and the need to maintain its normal respiration and metabolism.In 1937 he was invited to England to set up a centre in London making these innovations available. During the Second World War he worked in collaboration with the services and their special needs, and at its conclusion was invited to work at Moorfields Eye Hospital and later at the Western Opthalmic Hospital. Although plastic materials have now superseded Dallos's technology, the fundamental basis of his work remains relevant.[br]Bibliography1933, "Über Haftgläser und Kontaktschalen", Klin. med. Augenheilk. 1937, "The individual fitting of contact lenses", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK. 1930–37, Papers in the Klinische Monatsblätter fur Augenheilkunde.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1970, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 5, London.MG -
5 Daviel, Jacques
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 11 August 1696 La Barre, Normandy, Franced. 30 September 1762 Geneva, Switzerland[br]French ophthalmic surgeon who originated the technique of the removal of the cataractous lens of the eye.[br]Apprenticed in surgery to his uncle in Rouen, he became a student surgeon in the French Army in 1713. In 1719 he was honoured for his work during an outbreak of plague in Marseille, and in 1723 he was appointed Surgeon to the Hôtel-Dieu. In 1746 he moved to Paris, and in 1749 he became Surgeon-Oculist to Louis XV. Although he had, like many others, performed couchings (intra-ocular displacement of the lens) for the treatment of cataracts, his dissection of cadavers at Marseille led him to attempt the actual removal from the eye of the opaque lens. He performed the first such operation on a monk of Provence on 8 April 1745, and by 1753 he was able to report 115 cases with 100 successes. The difficulties of the technique precluded its immediate adoption, and couching remained the standard treatment for much of the century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCross of the Knights of Saint Roch. Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Surgery.Bibliography1748, "Lettre sur les maladies des yeux", Mercure de France.1753, "Sur une nouvelle méthode de guérir la cataracte par l'extraction du crystallin", Mem. Acad. roy. chir. Paris.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1969, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 11, London.MG -
6 Ridley, Nicholas Harold Lloyd
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 10 July 1906 Leicester, England[br]English ophthalmic surgeon, pioneer of intra-ocular lens implants.[br]Following a medical education at Cambridge and St Thomas's Hospital, London, he was appointed at an early age to the post of Surgeon to Moorfields Eye Hospital (Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital). During the Second World War he served abroad in Africa as an ophthalmic specialist and became an authority on onchocerciasis (river blindness) and filiariasis.His experience of the inertness of plastic material retained inside the eye in injured aircraft personnel led him to investigate the possibility of replacing cataractous lenses with intra-ocular plastic lenses. After his appointment as Consultant Ophthalmologist to St Thomas's in 1946, the first lens implant procedure was successfully carried out in 1949. The implantation of glass lenses in the treatment of myopia had been attempted in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century, but the weight of the material had militated against a successful outcome.It was some time before the new procedure, which owed much to his surgical dexterity, became widely accepted, but the work of Strampelli, Binkhorst and others led to its wider application; intra-ocular implants are now a standard element of the surgical treatment of cataract.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1986. Royal Society Galen Medal 1986; Crook Gold Medal 1988.Bibliography1951, "Intraocular acrylic lenses", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK.1964, "Intraocular lenses—past, present and future", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1969, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 9, London.MGBiographical history of technology > Ridley, Nicholas Harold Lloyd
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7 ABO
1) Военный термин: противокатерное заграждение (сокр от antiboat obstacle)2) Техника: advanced byte-oriented, astable blocking oscillator, automatic beam optimization, automatic beam optimizer3) Финансы: Accelerated Bookbuilt Offering4) Биржевой термин: accumulated benefit obligation5) Сокращение: Agents of Biological Origin, Air Base Operability, American Board of Ophthalmology (Американский офтальмологический совет), American Board of Opticianry (Американский совет по оптическому делу), American Board of Otolaryngology (Американский совет по отоларингологии), Association of Buying Offices (Ассоциация закупочных контор различных торговых организаций (США))6) Физиология: Blood Grouping System7) Электроника: нестабильный блокинг-генератор (сокр от astable blocking oscillator), автоматическая оптимизация тока луча, АОТЛ (сокр от automatic beam optimization), устройство автоматического управления диафрагмой (в оптической системе передающей ТВ камеры) (сокр от automatic beam optimizer)8) Нефть: asset based organization9) Португальский язык: Бразильская зубоврачебная ассоциация (сокр от Associação Brasileira de Odontologia = Brazilian Dental Association)10) Деловая лексика: area business operation11) Химическое оружие: Army Budget Office12) Программное обеспечение: Adaptive Binary Optimization -
8 Abo
1) Военный термин: противокатерное заграждение (сокр от antiboat obstacle)2) Техника: advanced byte-oriented, astable blocking oscillator, automatic beam optimization, automatic beam optimizer3) Финансы: Accelerated Bookbuilt Offering4) Биржевой термин: accumulated benefit obligation5) Сокращение: Agents of Biological Origin, Air Base Operability, American Board of Ophthalmology (Американский офтальмологический совет), American Board of Opticianry (Американский совет по оптическому делу), American Board of Otolaryngology (Американский совет по отоларингологии), Association of Buying Offices (Ассоциация закупочных контор различных торговых организаций (США))6) Физиология: Blood Grouping System7) Электроника: нестабильный блокинг-генератор (сокр от astable blocking oscillator), автоматическая оптимизация тока луча, АОТЛ (сокр от automatic beam optimization), устройство автоматического управления диафрагмой (в оптической системе передающей ТВ камеры) (сокр от automatic beam optimizer)8) Нефть: asset based organization9) Португальский язык: Бразильская зубоврачебная ассоциация (сокр от Associação Brasileira de Odontologia = Brazilian Dental Association)10) Деловая лексика: area business operation11) Химическое оружие: Army Budget Office12) Программное обеспечение: Adaptive Binary Optimization
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